Fantasmi, immaginazione e filosofia: un racconto di Plinio il Giovane
L'estate, con le sue giornate lunghe e le serate silenziose, è il momento ideale per lasciarsi trasportare dalla lettura di storie di fantasmi, capaci di unire il piacere del racconto al fascino del mistero. Il brano proposto è tratto dalla Prefazione di Storie di fantasmi. Antologia di racconti anglosassoni del soprannaturale, volume curato da Carlo Fruttero e Franco Lucentini e pubblicato nel 1960 con licenza della Giulio Einaudi Editore, in un'edizione riservata ai soci del Club degli Editori di Milano. La prefazione, attribuita a Carlo Fruttero, introduce il lettore al tema della ghost story attraverso il celebre racconto della casa infestata di Atene narrato da Plinio il Giovane, per poi ripercorrere l'evoluzione della letteratura del soprannaturale dalle sue origini classiche fino alla tradizione moderna. Il testo evidenzia come il racconto di fantasmi sia molto più di un semplice passatempo: è una forma letteraria che, attraverso il soprannaturale, riflette le paure, l'immaginario e la sensibilità di ogni epoca.
Traduzione inglese con supporto AI
Summer, with its long days and silent evenings, is the ideal time to let oneself be carried away by reading ghost stories, which are capable of combining the pleasure of storytelling with the allure of mystery. The passage presented here is taken from the Preface to Storie di fantasmi. Antologia di racconti anglosassoni del soprannaturale (Ghost Stories: An Anthology of Anglo-Saxon Tales of the Supernatural), a volume edited by Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini and published in 1960 under license from Giulio Einaudi Editore, in an edition reserved for members of the Club degli Editori in Milan. The preface, attributed to Carlo Fruttero, introduces the reader to the theme of the ghost story through the famous tale of the haunted house in Athens narrated by Pliny the Younger, before tracing the evolution of supernatural literature from its classical origins up to the modern tradition. The text highlights how the ghost story is much more than a simple pastime: it is a literary form that, through the supernatural, reflects the fears, the imagination, and the sensibility of every era.
Page V
"I would like to know what you think about ghosts (phantasmata): whether they truly exist, with their own form and power, or if they are nothing but shadows, empty images conjured up by our terror. As for me, from what is said about them, I would be inclined to believe that they exist... Listen to this story, which I will tell you just as it was told to me. "There was in Athens a spacious and comfortable house, yet exceedingly sinister. In the silence of the night, a distant metallic sound would first be heard; then, listening more closely, a clattering of chains drawing nearer; and finally, behold, a specter (eidolon) appeared: an emaciated and squalid old man, with an unkempt beard and bristling hair, who came shaking the chains with which he was laden. "The tenants therefore spent terrifying nights without closing an eye; and as insomnia brought on illness, and the illness worsened with terror (a terror that lasted even by day, when the specter was no longer there, so much did his memory continue to obsess them), they ended up losing their lives. Thus the house emptied and remained vacant: abandoned entirely to that monster. Nevertheless, the owner left up the sign 'For Sale or Rent', in case someone—unaware of the matter—should still want it. "The philosopher Athenodorus comes to Athens. He reads the sign, hears the price, and understands, from its extraordinary cheapness, that there is something behind it. Therefore, he inquires and finds out everything. And despite this, or rather precisely because of it, he rents the house. At nightfall, he has a bed set up in the anteroom, with a small table, a lamp, and his writing materials. Then he sends his entire family to the back rooms, and he stays there to work: concentrating entirely on writing—mind, eyes, hand—to guard against any trick of the imagination. "At first, nothing but the nightly silence.
Page VI
Then some knocks, a sound of rattling chains. The philosopher does not look up, does not stop writing; indeed, he concentrates even harder on his work, paying no heed to his ears. But he hears that the clattering grows, approaches the door, is now past the door, in the room itself. He turns around and recognizes the ghost that had been described to him: it is standing there, next to him, and motions to him with its finger as if to call him. Athenodorus, for his part, motions for it to wait a moment; and returns to writing. But the other insists on rattling the chains over his head while he writes. Whereupon he turns again, and seeing it repeat the same sign as before, finally takes the lamp and follows it. "The ghost walked slowly, as if impeded by the chains. Having crossed the threshold, it turns toward the courtyard: where it suddenly vanishes, abandoning its companion. The latter, left alone, makes a small pile of grass and leaves to remember the exact spot; and the next day he goes to the authorities (adit magistratus) to tell them to dig. Upon digging, they find a shackled skeleton: bare bones, corroded by time and dampness, mixed with the soil. Afterward, through the care of the public administration (pubblice), the wretched remains were given a proper burial. And from then on, that house was 'no longer haunted'." We have quoted this exemplary ghost story (which for once, being authored by Pliny the Younger¹, has every right to the attribute of "classical") first of all to offer the reader a concrete indication of the richness and vastness of the narrative material relating to the "supernatural". There is, of course, no people on earth that has not had or does not have its own legendary or mythical repertoire of ghosts, monsters, apparitions, demons, etc.; but even leaving the lion's share to ethnologists, anthropologists, and scholars of folklore and ancient and primitive religions, and even restricting the field to medieval and modern Europe, one finds oneself faced with an endless mass of texts that deal, in highly diverse ways and intentions, with man's relationship with the supernatural. It will therefore be well to say right away that, for the purpose intended by an anthology such as this, everything preceding the "Age of Enlightenment" can safely be left aside. It is indeed only with the eighteenth century that witches, devils, sorcerers, specters, alchemists, and other shady characters cease to represent a real danger, a police problem, and become a literary pretense. ¹ Lib. VII, from letter 27.
Page VII
At the time when James I of England was writing a treatise on demonology, and the Inquisition, in evident good faith, was sending a trained horse to the stake in Spain, few could have imagined that over time these very things would become the object of exquisite—or supremely awkward—poetic exercises. The supernatural, from the moment no one believes in it anymore (precisely in these years Alessandro Verri, having overcome his initial "icy shudder", engages in elevated reasoning with the "phantoms" of the ancient Romans), is annexed to literature; and with what fortune, with what astonishing results, it is hardly necessary to recall after that unsurpassed masterpiece of research and humor that is Praz's The Romantic Agony (La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica). The taste for the horrid, the monstrous, the diabolical, vulgarized by Radcliffe and countless other "gothic" novelists, elegantly mocked by Jane Austen, ennobled by Poe and Baudelaire, runs through the entire nineteenth century, and it cannot be said to have waned in our own century. However, after two world wars and with a third hanging over us, it really does not seem to us that the current vogue for horror books and movies merits the intervention of moralists in the mood for cheap sociology or psychoanalysis, or the alarm of family men. We do not believe that the audience in a modern movie theater contemplates the tribulations of lycanthropes and vampires with the same morbid participation with which, in the nineteenth century, people presumably relished the putrescent elucubrations of contemporary best-sellers; nor does it seem to us that the shiver enjoyed, between two tram rides, by today's spectator or reader involves their entire personality or arouses in them turbid and nefarious dispositions. The "allure of terror," which had already become considerably watered down and bourgeois toward the end of the last century, has by now lost any "decadent" or, as they say, "unhealthy" characteristics. Our "gouffre," our Gorgon face, is potentially "the" bomb, and it is the image of the mushroom cloud—and certainly not the grimaces of Frankenstein—that has the power to awaken in us that hypnotic attraction, that sense of vertigo, horror, and stupefied helplessness that the Romantics sought to arouse with their convoluted tortures and necrophilia. So much so that anyone who truly deemed it indispensable to worry about public morality could easily argue that, in principle, these movies, these hair-raising books, perform if anything a valuable social function, distracting citizens from the constant thought of collective catastrophe and helping them to hold their own, at least psychically, against the atrocious bogeymen continuously waved by their rulers.
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